The Project Gutenberg eBook of Smokiana: Historical; Ethnographical This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Smokiana: Historical; Ethnographical Author: R. T. Pritchett Release date: August 15, 2015 [eBook #49706] Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow. Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SMOKIANA: HISTORICAL; ETHNOGRAPHICAL *** Produced by Chris Curnow. Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) [Transcriber’s Note: This text was handwritten originally with many illustrations containing captions that were also handwritten. We have tried to represent the original as faithfully as possible which means that some sentences begin with lowercase letters, some sentences run on, inconsistent spelling prevalent, etc. The HTML version contains the images of the original pages with transcriptions underneath. Letters in curly brackets were superscripted in the original and words surrounded by _underscores_ had a single underline. =Equal signs= represent words with a double underline in the original.] [Illustration] A. 1586. D. HISTORICAL SMOKIANA. [Illustration] ETHNOGRAPHICAL. RALEIGH DRAKE “JIST a draw noo.” Do you ken the muxture? R. T. PRITCHETT. 1890 A · 1890 · D RIGHTS RESERVED To YE MEMORIE of KING JAMES 1^{st.} “counterblaste” of the past & To the ANTI·TOBACCO·FRATERNITY of the present day. The following ETHNOGRAPHICAL “PLEBESCITE” is respectfully dedicated. by their well wisher, The Author & Sinner RTP [Illustration: SPERO R·T·PRITCHETT] Ye PREFACE. To The Courteous Reader. =LONDON.= Greeting The stream of Conquest has generally flowed from North to South. The Triumph progress of the Goddess Nicotina has been from West to East starting in the 16^{th.} century she has now girdled our little orb with devotees burning continuous incense. The Instruments connected herewith are objects of Historical & Ethnographical interest hence are brought together authentic Portraits of the “Pipe Family”. Briar root and Branch “who judge from the favor in which they are now held.” “At home & abroad” they seem likely to flourish for ever. I cannot close without expressing my thanks to Mr. Bernard Quaritels for placing then before you in their present Garb. Your faithful Sinner & Author, _Robt. Pritchett._ _A.D._ _1890_ List of Illustrations. [Illustration] Page 9 Tobacco Plant 1669 ·A·D 11 “NICOTIANA” flower. 13 German Woodcut 1616. AD. 15 Rich old Clays. 17 Broseley Clays. 19 Churchwardens. 21 Dutch Pipe Gear. 23 German Pipes. 25 Danish & N. Europe. 27 Algeria. 29 W. Africa. 31 Lagos & Ashantee. 33 Dahomy & Niger. 35 Wild Hemp smoking 37 Equatoria. 39 Stanley Exped^{n.} 41 East Africa. 43 Bushmen. 45 Soap Stone Pipes. 47 Turkey. 49 Persian. 1669. A·D 51 Hookah. India. 53 Hookah. Cashmere. 55 Indian Red clay. 57 Scinde. 59 Madras. 61 Narghile. Indore. 63 Yarkand. Asia. 65 Gourd Pipe. 67 Assam & Burmah. 69 China & Corea. 71 Opium Gear. 73 Japanese ditto 75 Borneo. 77 Sumatra & Java 79 Australia. 81 New Zealand. 83 New Guinea. 85 S. America. 87 N. America. 89 N. AMER. Stone Pipes 91 Canada. 93 Nootka Sound. 95 Arctic Pipes. =IGNITION.= 97 Sumatra & Borneo. 99 S. America. 101 England old & _New._ [Illustration] Tobacco Plants & their Varieties. [Illustration] Although Smoking is generally associated with Tobacco only, yet there are other plants whose leaves are used for similar purposes & these will be referred to as we come to the different means of using them. Our first Woodcut of Tobacco is from STELLA—ROMA 1669. a work of [Illustration: D·B STELLA ROMA. A·D 1669. “ILTABACCO” TABACCO LATIFOGLIO. PRIMA specie. DELLA SECONDA Specie. TAB. ANGUSTIFOGLIO. TERZA SPECIE.] great value as giving Pipes & the Hookah of Persia as well as Plants but we will start with some of the growths now most generally known of the “NICOTIANA” Family which is very widely spread over the face of the Earth & has of late made great strides in Borneo & Sumatra. NICOTIANA “_TABACUM_”. (The mother of the family) Height 5 ft. Leaf 12^{in} to 14^{in.} Corolla Pink. Virginia manilla. N. “_RUSTICA_”. Height 3 to 4 ft. Leaf 10^{in.} to 12^{in.} Corolla Greenish into Yellow. Turkey & India. N. “_REPANDA_”. Small. Corolla white. Havannah. N. “_PERSICA_”.—or Bombay, all used in Persia by the Royal Family. (SHIRAZ tobacco). N. “_AFFINIS_” is our Garden Plant with long tube 3½^{in.} with Corolla White. Very fragrant. Habitat. Isle of Pines. S. PACIFIC. [Illustration: NICOTIANA FRAGRANS WHITE. N. TABACUM. PINK. RTP.] We are greatly indebted to old German woodcuts for solid information anent details of Habits & customs of the 16^{th.} Century which our own people have not handed down to us, take for instance “Hans Sachs.” Book of Trades. Had smoking been in vogue in his day he would have given it—or rather Jost Ammon would have illustrated it so here in _1616 ·A·D_ we find a Sturdy German, blowing a tremendous cloud. It is taken from an old work now in Frankfurt—viz “Völler Von Gellhausen (ULRICUS).” Das ist “Ein. Blumenbuck.” Small Folio. Franckfurt am Mayne. M. Weixner. Formscheider und Mahler. _A·D 1616._ [Illustration: VÖLLER VON GELLHAUSEN A·D 1616. 49 Tabact. FRANKFURT AM MAYN.] Pipes. [Illustration] We have heard much of late of The “STONE” Period. The “Bronze” Period & the “Iron” Period & some one has gone so far as to say this is the “Brass Tin” Period. on all these scores “SMOKIANA” is strongly represented bringing forward The “Brass” Pipes of SUMATRA. It is surprising how widely diffused is “STONE” especially “Soap stone.” Amongst the following specimens will be found our “Gourd.” Period—but as there is “no place like Home” we will begin with “English clays,” of which some are shown on the opposite page enriched by Tobacco of recent years.. [Illustration: ENGLAND RICH OLD CLAYS 1689 A·D 1575 A.D. 1600 A.D. FULLSIZE.] BROSELEY. SALOP. The various stamps & names of early makers of Tobacco Pipes are most satisfactorily corroborated by the Parish Register and the families seem to have gone on prospering, but the sickle “of Old Time” has been put in & . & old things have passed away making room for new. The Four stamps given on the opposite Page are amongst the Earliest known. & of great interest. The quality of the Clay must have attracted the makers to that spot—after the introduction of Pipes to London, which had a Pipe maker’s Company _.A·D. 1619_ & still continues establishments at Bow.. The “Old Cock” Tavern in Fleet Street had its own Token & its own Pipe. [Illustration: IOHN IAMS 1600 AD IOHN IONES AD 1590 BROSELEY CLAYS. SALOP. & their stamps. TC HB YE “COCK” TAVERN. 1660 1689 A·D 1608 MOR RIS DECON A·D. 1687 IOHN LEGG 1687.] and old London as revealed in digging old foundations has yielded a great harvest of Pipe produce.. The museum at Guildhall has a very good collection. The “Churchwarden” Clay was the Pipe of the early part of this century & is still in the Country. It was considered right always to have a clean pipe hence they were stacked together in a double ring & sent to “The Bake-house” for Purification. The “Irish Dudean” originated the rich “old clay” most probably & the Scotch followed with Cutties, & The French with “Fiolets” bien “Cullottées”—of Forty years ago. “Milo” in the Strand was the man for “Colouring Clays” which he made his Specialty. [Illustration: THE FAMILIAR CHURCHWARDEN BROSELEY. SALOP. SCOTCH CUTTY “off to the Bakehouse.” OLD ITALIAN. “STELLA” A·D. 1669. ROMA.] HOLLAND. The Dutch have always been great Smokers, how often does Ostade introduce clay Pipes into his pictures & when they favored us with a visit in 1689. how many records have been dug up from time to time wherever they were located. The Typical Pipe of Holland is that of “_GOUDA_” make. & The Pipe enters largely into Wedding ceremonies thus they have for the Copper wedding, the long clay Pipe of some 36^{in.} decorated with Copper leaves. The Silver Wedding Silver leaves & The Golden Wedding Gold & finally The Diamond—for the 75^{th.} now Cigars are smoked by every one, even by little Hollanders going to school 9·A·M· [Illustration: DUTCH GEAR. full size.] GERMANY. As a Nation of Smokers The Germans have always carried the palm & do still & with them Smoke & Song were ever inseparable. Imagine a German Student without his Pipe, & his Corps Cap we should not know him. The Leading feature in German Pipes is decidedly The long Bowl of Porcelain generally adorned with some Beauty on the front of it in medallion form. The stems are of great lengths some four feet or so with flexible tubing leading up to the mouth piece. These may be considered House Pipes for travelling, naturally they are shorter. The Tobacco Bags are objects of great care & interest. [Illustration: GERMAN] NORTH EUROPE. The Island of “AMAGER” near Copenhagen has retained its costumes & customs so faithfully that we have confidence in the Pattern Pipes which are now still in use. The Long one. 4 ft 8 in is the House, the shorter one 6^{in.} in the bowl contains the allowance of Tobacco for the day, this is the constant companion of the out-door worker. In Norway small blocks of meerschaum seem to be most in vogue. The Hungarian Pipes are of red clay. & show asiastic influence in form. The Tyrolese Pipes look very workman like mostly of wood with Roebuck horn—introduced as ornament— [Illustration: DANISH. ARMAGER ISLAND. AMAGER. NORWAY. BUDAPESTH. AUSTRIAN TYROL.] ALGERIA. We are now in a new sphere of Pipe-Land: a Kind of slack water between European & Asiatic systems—in which the Turkish type predominates thus the upper Red clay bowl on the opposite page is quite Turkish & the handsome Arab Pipe of a form seen often smoked riding on a Camel shews us how decoration will now be introduced in a new form. The Stem of this Pipe is beautiful in Colour, the Ivory having a very beautiful arabesque pattern upon it, the red colour of which harmonises delightfully with the dark wood & bowl. The Large bowl is decidedly for House or Tent service. [Illustration: ALGERIA.] AFRICA. Everywhere in the Dark Continent the habit of smoking something or somehow has been met with by our most energetic explorers even in the dense forests of new Equatoria. The Pigmies find it desirable to have something to smoke. Paul Du Chaillu in 1856 brought to our notice the Pipes shewn at the top of the next page. These are used by _The Fans_, a fierce Cannibal tribe—great in the mystery of Iron work, and are generally made of red or very dark clay. The Specimen from _SANKURU River LAT 5° S_ is of wood & very beautifully carved.—The Bone Pipe is very like a Cigar Holder [Illustration: West COAST of AFRICA. FANS TRIBE CANNIBAL. BONE PIPE. R. SANKURU. AFF of R. KASSAI. WOMENS PIPE TUBES S. AFRICA] LAGOS and Ashantee. The Three Bowls of the dark clay bowl are certainly a striking object to any smoker.. and again the small bowl from the larger one in fact “Bowl major.” “Bowl Minor”—this plurality we shall find in India, still that does not very clearly explain the why & wherefore—unless it emanates from mere love of being unlike others.. The Light coloured Red Clay of the Ashantee Pipes is very striking—& the form of the Bowls still more so. There is a decidedly Classical character about them.. as if started from Roman Lamps & Pompeian ideas & then supplied to their Colonies—. [Illustration: AFRICA. W. COAST LAGOS. ASHANTEE. BRITISH MUSEUM. COLL^{n.}] AFRICA EAST. DAHOMEY is associated in our minds with the most ghastly & cruel scenes of useless blood-shed. & yet “TOBACCO” is smoked there and gradually is the Symbol of Peace asserting its gentle influence & Dahomey is now more humane than when Capt. Burton first visited it. To him we are indebted for the specimens opposite. The long peculiarly formed bowl like a “nepenthes” or Pitcher Plant is of Iron & has prongs or spurs of Iron. Length of stem, 33 in. The Hanging tufts are of Red Indian character. The upper pipe is carved wood & the double one, Iron. [Illustration: DAHOMEY. W. AFRICA Brought by Cap^{t.} BURTON. BRITISH MUS^{m.} IDDAH. LOWER NIGER] AFRICA We now come to newly opened up country, for Livingstone is of our time & Bishop MacKenzie in the Zambesi river also: The wooden Pipe with the Curious board in front of the Bowl is used by the LOMWE Tribe of MAKUAS on the _LUKUGU River_ which runs into the “LAKE TANGANYIKA”—W. and a very curious arrangement it is the front of the board being elaborately carved. The Two lower Pipes are large & cumbersome & used to smoke Wild Hemp or “Cannabis Indica” sometimes called Banghi, but generally, “Bang”—In India we find the same name applied to a spirit obtained from Palms into pots & collected in the Deccan. [Illustration: E. AFRICA. WILD HEMP. (CANNABIS) INDICA LUKUGU RIVER. E. AFRICA. BHANGI HEMP PIPE. ALOLO TRIBE LAKE SHIRWA EAST AFRICA BRITISH. MUS^{m.} Horn] AFRICA. The recent explorations in Africa have developed our Geographical Knowledge so much that a very special interest is imparted to many of these specimens by giving carefully the situations from which they have been procured—thus. The Ivory pipe of King MTESA from _UGANDA_ Victoria nyanza is from a new Country & the ornamentation very refined & delicate. next the long one 8 ft. presented by the Khedive to the British Museum is from the _MONBUTTOO tribe_ N. W. of the _ALBERT NYANZA_. The Lower one is from the SHIRÉ River near the Murchison Falls & used for Wild Hemp by the Manganja people. [Illustration: CENTRAL AFRICA. EQUATORIA. IVORY PIPE of KING MTESA. UGANDA. VICTORIA NYANZA SHIRE RIVER. MANGANJA people near. MURCHISON FALLS. MONBUTTOO. TRIBE. N W of ALBERT NYANZA. —presented by the KHEDIVE to the British MUSEUM. 1878. CASE. 111. 112.] STANLEY. EXPEDITION. Central AFRICA & Equatoria. For this most interesting page we are indebted to Surgeon Parke who very kindly took the trouble to make sketches of the bowls & wrote the names under each. what better authority could we have than this.. it makes the page historically interesting. The hard clay of the sticky ant heaps takes a beautiful polish see the _KAVALLI_ bowl Albert NYANZA. The most original is from _AREWENI & ITURI_ Forest where the little people take the mid rib of the “Banana” which is cellular & by pushing a reed down they get the bore required, cut a hole & rolling up a piece of Banana leaf.. like a Grocer’s paper insert that for a Bowl & smoke. [Illustration: STANLEY EXPEDITION. SURGEON · T · HEAZLE PARKE. FORT BODO. ITURI · RIVER. BAMBOO MAZAMBONIS COUNTRY · ALBERT NYANZA Banana Leaf for Bowl. KAVALLI · COUNTRY ALBERT · NYANZA AREWENI · ITURI FOREST. ANKORI · Baked Clay polished. CENTRAL AFRICA. EQUATORIAL.] AFRICA Zanzibar at the present moment is a centre of public interest and the example given on the next page is an exceedingly good one, it is of carved wood & has much of the ARAB character in its form. The Large one is of wood also with good ornamentation, the Bowl is 4^{in.} in diam and the total length 12^{in.} this is used for smoking Wild Hemp or Bang—and sometimes known as. “_LIAMBA_.”—it is from _NYASSA. LAT 9° S. LONG. 31.^{E.}_ This is a pipe of mixed features as the arrangement is strongly allied to the Bushmen on the next page. it is however from N. W of Victoria nyanza UGANDA · NYASSA LAND. The Bowl is of dark clay with a gourd body. HABITAT doubtful [Illustration: E. AFRICA. ZULU. ZANZIBAR. KAFFIR N.W. of VICTORIA NYANZA. UGUNDA. NYASSA-LAND BANG NYASSA LIAMBA or Wild Hemp. CANNABIS. INDICA. BAND or BANGUE. SMOKING.] BUSHMEN · S. AFRICA. Now we arrive at the full swing of the Stone Bowls of Soap stone or “_STEATITE_” and the link with the last “UGANDA” Pipe will at once be recognised. The whole machine is most cumbersome& the size therefore—The Horn being some 18^{in.} must make it bad for Bushwork. Altho the tube can be unshipped most readily The Stone Bowls are carved with great care, the favorite form reminds us of the maces or “Martel de Fer” used in the real Iron Period.—There is found also the Duplex Bowl also in Steatite. [Illustration: Bushmen. S. AFRICA STEATITE BOWLS. STONE BOWLS] South Africa. The “Steatite” Bowls now show decidedly European influence, altho the most striking feature is the under disc which is probably added to give strength as the Steatite itself is very friable, its form reminds one of the inverted comb on the skull of a Gorilla which is very African. These specimens like many others are from that Great Store House of information The British Museum which happily secured many of the interesting examples collected by the late M^{r.} Bragg F.S.A. We can but regret that so complete a collection should ever have been dispersed—Sic transit. [Illustration: SOAP Stone Pipes. S. AFRICA. Wood Wood. SOAP STONE. Wood BRITISH MUSEUM.] TURKEY Turkish tobacco is such a familiar form & so comprehensive in its light varieties that Turkish pipes must at once be called “_CHIBOUQUES_” & “_HOOKAHS_”. The red clay bowl of the former is generally 2 in. in diameter. The stem of Cherry or of Iasmine 5 ft long. When the Bowl is primed it is covered with thin paper & prepared for lighting. The Smoker at a range of 5 ft gives the signal & the light is applied—The mouth piece of clouded amber is very rounded & therefore only put to the lips.. The Red clay Hand Hubble of Benares is very simple. [Illustration: TURKEY. CHIBOUQUE BENARES.. HAND HUBBLE.] PERSIAN. A. D. 1669 “HOOKAH.” STELLA of ROME, here is again useful to shew us the “Hookah” of Persia in his day. his book was published 1669 and as travelling from TEHERAN to the HOLY CITY was less rapid than nowadays, we may fairly accept this illustration as representing a well-established object. The action of the “Hookah” or “Hubble bubble” is to draw the smoke through the water—& so cool & purify the fumes of the Tobacco Being made of Glass. This is called a “_SHISHEH_” & in it is smoked the. Persian “_TOMBAK_” exclusively grown at _CHIRAZ_ is the best & consumed by the Members of the Imperial family. [Illustration: PERSIAN. Hookah p. 213. D·B STELLA ROMA 1669 A·D SHISHEH. or Glass. for TOMBAK Tobacco “CHIRAZ.”] INDIA. The Persian Fashion doubtless soon took India by storm & the maharajahs found in Hookahs a new object of luxury & one capable of unbounded decoration, in fact a new field for native talent to embellish & enrich. The upper bowl which contains the tobacco is called “_The Chillum_” whatever the material whether richly embossed or the simple red clay which tries one’s lips at _BENARES_. These State Hookahs are of considerable height running to Thirty inches & Three feet—with coils of tubing—which terminates in a silver mouth-piece. [Illustration: THE GREAT HOOKAH of INDIA SILVER] CASHMERE. Naturally one would expect to find something of special beauty in the fine collection of The Indian Museum where the art of the various Provinces is so well represented in all kinds of metal work beautiful form & rich Colour. _SRINUGGER CASHMERE_ yields a very lovely specimen of a Hookah. Copper gilt with very rich deep blue and green enamel produces a very noble result of harmonious colour. The “CHILLUM” is a choice work of art & crowns a very fine work of CASHMERE ART Height 30 inches. [Illustration: HOOKAH Proper from SRINUGGER CASHMERE] INDIA. Of all the dreadful materials ever introduced in any land to the mouth of a smoker. The Red clay of India is certainly the worst & the roughest. Both these examples are Hand Hubble bubbles or HOOKAHS used by the Natives in India and the Red dotted lines shew where the Chillum to carry the tobacco is fitted on. The sizes are given in each case otherwise the proportions would be a dead letter. The Tobacco, if tobacco at all, that is smoked in these specimens is of the roughest description. [Illustration: RED WARE. INDIA] SCINDE. This is one of the Giants of the Red ware Race is India. 18 inches in height and is used in this north west Province as a Village welcome to travellers & is generally found in the _DAK Bungelow_. In some parts of India a native may be seen with his Public “Hookah” all alight ready for the passer-by to take a few whiffs—on paying a “consideration” for the privilege & refresher. The lower form was given to the writer by D^{r.} Watts it is used by the Hill Tribes of “_CHITTAGONG_”: & was brought over here for the Colonial Exhibition in _1886_. [Illustration: SCINDE HOOKAH Red Ware. Village welcome. CHITTAGONG.] MADRAS As we are now leaving the “HOOKAH” family & coming to the “_NARGHILES_” it will be well to emphasize the distinction between the two—which is this—“NARGHILE” is the native term for Cocoanut, hence all smoking mediums of that kind such as must be laid down & will not stand erect are called “NARGHILE”s especially of Cocoanut shape. All “Hookahs” stand by themselves. This bowl from _N. ARCOT MADRAS_ is made of a Bronzed Ware somewhat heavy but good form. The Five topped Chillum is only seen in the Bazaars not in general use. [Illustration: N. ARCOT. MADRAS Bronzed. WARE. Five topped CHILLVM] PROVINCE INDORE. This is a true, good & faithful representative of the “_NARGHILE_” Family, a real Cocoanut pipe, mounted in Silver with good native work. The shell has evidently been selected for its graceful shape. & the native artificer has done his work lovingly.. The “Chillums” beneath are of different material that on the left is of Silver & although Sir Walter Raleigh smoked a pipe of silver still in these days in Europe all metals are avoided for bowls. The Chillum on the right is from “_LUCKNOW_” perforated rim of glazed Pottery. Biscuit colour ground with green pattern & Ruby spots or Knobs. [Illustration: “NARGHILE.” INDORE. COCOANUT. mounted in SILVER. Wood stem in. CHILLUM. BENGAL SILVER glazed Pottery LUCKNOW.] YARKAND. As Pipes are made out of every conceivable material we cannot be surprised that where “Iade” has its habitat that there its services should be enlisted & utilized—& so it is: The “_Yarkand_” River has much Iade but to work it & bore it for a pipe must not only involve great care & consummate skill, but necessitate rarity of production The wooden & more humble confrere is much more general & very easily made anywhere. The Dark clay “chillum” belongs to a Gourd Pipe. [Illustration: JADE OF YARKAND BOKHARA. full size Pipes] YARKAND & BOKHARA. Having noticed the exceptional Iade we come to the more common Gourd Pipe in fact our “_Gourd Period_”. They are doubtless received with favor on account of their lightness and the example given is from one in the India Museum where they seem to be of much the same character. The Gourd of about 12 inches in length. The wooden. Bowl carrier curiously turned in rings & the Bowl itself of dark clay The ornamentation is in some cases very elaborate in this case a mixture of Persian & Chinese. [Illustration: YARKUND BOKHARA. GOURD PIPE. dark clay chillum. Gourd mixture of Persian & Chinese ornament. INDIAN MUSEUM.] ASSAM · KHYBER & BURMAH. Bamboo is wonderfully useful in so many ways & now it comes before us as the very simplest of Pipe Bowls, the joint forming the base. This is north “Assam.” The Pipe of the _AFRIDI_ tribe at the South entrance to the _KHYBER PASS_ has a very small brass bowl. Two pieces of wood are scooped out for the bore & bound together with leather. This pipe is promoted to a Wooden Case with carved ornamentation. The Pipe of KAKHYEN N. IRRAWADDY RIV. _BURMAH_ has a very long bowl, the lower held in the hand & the bent Bamboo example is so formed to be carried on the arm. [Illustration: ASSAM. N. ASSAM. KAKHYEN. IRRAWADDY. BURMAH BURMAH. AFRIDI—PIPE & Case. KHYBER PASS. BRIT · MUS] CHINA & COREA. Still working to the Eastward we come to the land the ancient land of Iohn China-man, a land of small bowls & jade mouthpieces & _water pipes_ in the shops for the inveigling of undecided customers and for the more definite explanation of small bowls the full sizes are now traced here for reference..—Diams. [Illustration: Full sizes. White metal A·D 1820 Brass. White metal] The Pipes of _Corea_ have longer stems & the Bowls are flatter as shewn & they are brass.. [Illustration: CHINA & COREA. COREA. BRASSEY MUSEUM.] OPIUM [Illustration] This is a serious matter to approach especially as it has a very bad character—and has been black balled all round & generally tabooed. After careful research & unbiased study of its merits & demerits we must confess that it is unduly maligned, as the most useful of Colonists, The Chinese, work in all the hottest & most unhealthy parts of the world. & are generally very healthy which may be attributed to the _moderate use_ of the so called Demon =OPIUM=. The largest employers of Chinese labour never object to the use of it & It is made from the White Poppy. “_PAPAYER SOMNIFERUM_.” [Illustration: Y/E OPIUM SMOKE. YE LAMP. BOWL. POTTERY Stem] JAPAN. [Illustration] This most delightful country with its kindly inhabitants are great Smokers in a small measure if the regulation size of the generally used bowl be taken as a standard. Many people fancy that the little Jap. bowls the real size being thus.—are used for Opium—not at all. The Tobacco they use is very light in Colour & very fine cut indeed. The full size of the general pipe is given on the opposite page at the foot. Their Tobacco pouchs are very artistically worked & ornamented their Pipe cases suspended from the Girdle by carefully carved “_NITSUKES_” are lovely. [Illustration: JAPAN. A·D 1889 MOUTH PIECE FULL SIZE PIPE Reed stem PIPE BOWL. TOBACCO POUCH & TOGGLE. FULL SIZE METAL PIPE] BORNEO. It always adds very greatly to the value & interest of any object for a collection if it has been well used & especially if acquired from the original owner when using it. Such was the Case with the specimen of _Dyak Pipe_ & Tobacco Box now given. The Bamboo stem is rather large according to our idea in proportion to the Bowl. The Dyak is equal to the occasion & regulates the draft by putting dry grass therein. The wooden Bowl is very small. The wire at the side is to slip into his girdle. The Tobacco Box is a very rich brown, the outer skin of the Bamboo being Cut away to shew the pattern. [Illustration: BORNEO. A. D. 1889 TOBACCO BOX. Pipe of Dyaks.] SUMATRA. The Iava museum at Batavia is a grand collection & one of the most instructive from the care with which it has formed & the admirable Catalogue well compiled. _SUMATRA_ is of course well represented: The ACHEEN section a little thin. & the large brass pipes from _Batak-landen_ are very welcome. The British Museum has one a little longer than the Iava specimen. The Pin cushion arrangement on the wooden Bowl for the Pricker to be stuck into is very original & the steel at the end of the pipe is original also. [Illustration: SUMATRA BATAK-LANDEN. BRITISH MUS. BRITISH MUS. JAVA MUSEUM BATAVIA.] AUSTRALIA. NOV. HOLL. NEW HOLLAND, aborigines have not been found worshippers of the Goddess “NICOTINA” altho a sort of Wild tobacco was discovered near Port Jackson.—The European cutty came in with the Gold Digger & this plug Tobacco—in vain have we sought a native Pipe but we have one now before us adapting Nature’s work to a new use for man’s convenience. _The EMU_ (Dromæus. NOVIÆ HOLLANDIÆ.) is requisitioned & Heathen Chinee or more likely MALAY—has produced the Smoking apparatus on the opposite page. [Illustration: EMU FOOT (DROMÆUS NOVIÆ HOLLANDIÆ.) AUSTRALIA] New ZEALAND. Pipes seem to be a general register of the art of the Country in which they are made and in this case it is especially useful at a transition period like the present as when this class of ornamentation is fast passing away. This carved work on the basis of a real Briar structure assumes a new type—below the carving—as it goes off as a spike to stick into the ground like a linstock of old with the match ever ready & burning. The wood of this example is very hard & takes therefore a splendid polish, again “The British museum” has saved a good specimen. [Illustration: ANTIPODES BRITISH MUSEUM. IRON WOOD NEW ZEALAND (To stick into the ground.)] NEW GUINEA. Bamboo is the material now in vogue and the mouth piece is cunningly arranged by making a small hole at the joint for the draught & bore. The Tobacco tube which cannot be called a bowl but rather a cigar or cigarette holder is always at right angles to the thick stem which averages 14^{in} & 15^{in.} in length. The ornamentation like that of “CHINAM” cases is very delicate & refined. The South Pacific affords us a shell pipe and from _SAVO_ & the _SOLOMON ISLANDS._ we have a very simple contribution one would have expected colour from them certainly as well as from New Guinea [Illustration: NEW GUINEA FLY RIVER: N·G MELANESIA SAVO SHELL PIPE. SOLOMON ISLANDS.] SOUTH AMERICA & Paraguay River. The Spanish influence in South America has not been likely to contribute to the developement of Pipe smoking, but we find native specimens of considerable interest Beginning from the South in Magellan Straits. The _Patagonians._ use the small short form which was in Mr. Braggs collection above that is quite a new feature a square pipe of 13^{in.} in length used on Great State occasions—the sides ornamented with a Key pattern & steps as on HUACA · POTTERY in Peru. The large Bowl with small bone mouth piece is from River _UCAYALI · Peru._ & Fish tail of wood is from MATACO Indians. _GRAN·CHACA_ [Illustration: S. AMERICA UCAYALI. R. PERU. PARAGUAY. RIVER. BRITISH MUSEUM. BONE MATACO INDIAN GRAN. CHACA. PATAGONIA] NORTH AMERICA. We have now come round to the original home of Tobacco & smoking: to the Land of the “CALUMET of PEACE” & the “_TOMAHAWK PIPE_” & where Sir Iohn Hawkins & Raleigh. Drake first saw the “Weed” in use. The despisers of the “Weed” may chuckle may they hear the old Proverb “that ill Weeds grow apace” for it has grown & must be very infectious nor is there any falling off for “Steamers” go & there The Goddess NICOTINA will surely take root such is the experience up to the present time— [Illustration: N. AMERICAN INDIAN. PARAGUAY AMER·S. SOAP STONE TOMAHAWK PIPE TEHUELCHE INDIANS PATAGONIA. S. AMERICA. BRITISH MUSEUM CATLIN’S COLL^{n.}] N. AMERICA. There is hardly room to do justice to a good north American “Pipe of Peace” on these small pages but those who are really interested in the Pipe customs & functions of the Indian tribes will derive much pleasure & information too from consulting “CATLINs” works on those subjects. The best pipes have flat stems much ornamented & the Bowls of elaborate design are very quaint & original the simpler ones are red the more curious in a dark slate & a kind of green stone. The British museum has naturally a very fine collection of all the varieties of both materials—. [Illustration: NORTH AMERICA. Flat stems for Pipes.] N·AMERICA The Indian graves have supplied specimens of very great antiquity from all parts of N. America and a fine collection of _MOUND PIPES_ was presented some years ago to the City of Salisbury. Those on the opposite page will give a general idea of the character of these real antiquities in which the bird is a prominent object probably some sacred Bird—in vogue amongst the tribe at the time they were made but we must not surmise “FACTA” “non Verba” is true ARCHÆOLOGY. [Illustration: N. AMERICA. STONE MOUNDS of OHIO. CANADA From Indian Grave. BRITISH MUSEUM.] N. AMERICA. Stone pipes still predominate & the upper one from South Carolina has a new form with a cut-water or fore-foot suggestive that it should be held by that part when being smoked. The “NOOTKA SOUND” example is another variety & to our modern eye w^{d.} appear to have been designed by a carpenter still the bowl itself carries a decidedly modern impress The modern N. American pipes are most carved in Slate and some are quite processional in design and length. [Illustration: N. AMERICA. SOUTH CAROLINA. NOOTKA SOUND. MEXICO. PERU. BRITISH MUSEUM.] ARCTIC PIPES & LAPLAND. In this part of the world there is not much material for the making of Pipes for the only wood is generally brought up by the kindly Gulf Stream from the West Indies even to NOVA ZEMBLA still the sparse Inhabitants fall back on the tooth of the “_Walrus_” & very comely looking pipes are the result. The Laplanders pipe is generally made of thin iron which may be accounted for by the proximity of the once very famous “_SWEDISH_” Iron. [Illustration: ARCTIC PIPES & LAPLAND. CAPE BATHURST. SIBERIA WALRUS TOOTH. LAP. PIPE·IRON. SWEDISH IRON “CAPE BATHURST” is from Lord Lonsdale’s Collection] IGNITION. BORNEO. After the Tobacco, & the Pipes, very naturally occurs the Question as to getting a Light. The friction of Two dry pieces of Wood is the most primitive method still in vogue where modern methods are still unknown and the light “HIBISCUS” wood is the easiest of all to obtain fire from but in _BORNEO_. The Dyaks of the _KYAN tribe_ are most scientific they produced it by compressed air & do still & we only know of two other places _SUMATRA_ & the North of _BURMAH_ where this method is known & in use. [Illustration: FIRE TUBES. BORNEO. DYAK KYAN TRIBE SUMATRA.] S. AMERICA. “MACHEROS” FLINT & STEEL. Doubtless, The Spaniards carried with them all through their Conquests of S. AMERICA their “MACHEROS” which is a tube to carry the match. To the tube is generally attached a chain leading to a hook which the top pulls out with the match for the purpose of lighting with the _flint & steel_. Some 50 years ago the Peruvian & Chilian Ladies worked very beautiful match with Lace let in. Some MACHEROS were of Gold, some of Silver. In _India_ they are larger and are called “_RAMASWAMI_.” [Illustration: S. AMERICAN. POTOSI. MACHEROS Gold. STEEL LA PAZ 1820 FIRE STICKS STANLEY (ITURI RIVER) Inside THUMB outside 1 & 2 Finger] THE ANTEPENULTIMATE of IGNITION. The Flint & Tinder Pistol combination was a very great advance when first introduced, striking a light in the dark with a Flint & steel is not easy & all who have tried will say so, then the old Brimstone flat matches were odorous, next we had French “Amadou” & a match like a walking stick topped with Brimstone explosive matter, then smaller ones followed by “TANDSTIKERS” & now hand in hand “VESUVIANS” of the delightful Wax “VESTAS.” [Illustration: “FIAT LUX” O.V. Flint & Tinder Box. Brimstone matches. “AMADOU” BRYANT & MAY TANDSTIK 1890.] [Illustration: HISTORICAL “SMOKYANA” “PAX” “VOBISCUM” Ethnographical Up to Date 1890 A·D by RTP] * * * * * Transcriber’s Notes: Very few edits were made to this book with the exception of trying to remove what seemed to be editing dots vs. actual periods, fullstops, commas and em-dashes, and adding quotation marks now and then to balance them. Ellipses are two .. in this text. The remaining changes are listed below. Page 32, repeated word “of” removed from text. Original read (cruel scenes of of useless) Page 64, “mixturr” changed to “mixture” (this case a mixture) Page 90, “he” changed to “the” (years ago to the) *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SMOKIANA: HISTORICAL; ETHNOGRAPHICAL *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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