The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by
John Caius

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Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae
De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae

Author: John Caius

Editor: E. S. Roberts

Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***

Produced by Louise Hope

[Transcriber’s Note:

This text uses UTF-8 (unicode) file encoding, including a few words of
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λοιμός, λιμός

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The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s _Complete
Works_. The editor’s general introduction says:

In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile
reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great
variety of form in which the original editions were issued would
have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any
uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a
difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._
_baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying
practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been
left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents
in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected.

Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably
represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown
in brackets.]

* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *

IOANNIS CAII
ANGLI,

Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ
linguæ cum scriptione nova
libellus.

[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Græcæ & Latinæ
linguæ pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine
offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hæc
semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequè
enim quæ soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt,
temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia
sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues &
inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec
usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues
viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in
Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis
genere omnia personare offendebam. Hîc itaquè sic cogitabam
apud me. Cum nec Romæ, nec in uniuersa Italia, imò verò cum
nequè in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium,
quàm in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de
pronunciatione illa noua, ullauè mentio aut significatio tum
fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse quàm in
Britannia certò scire licet. Nequè ea tamen uniuersa, sed
certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui
imperabant. Sic tamen hæc refero, ut eos propter literas
aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hæc
verò laudem minimè. Cuius rei alioqui certè me cepisset
admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis
esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino
veteri, quàm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quàm
qui nouas: qui vetera opera atquè verba, quàm qui noua: qui
usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comœdias, quàm
qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quàm nuper nato. Thus
quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur,
usque adeò ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam
esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam quæ noua sunt, etsi optima,
tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest
ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit
futurum integrum. Etenim sæpè viatorem noua non vetus orbita
fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates,
etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus
consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas
excitare, quàm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores
quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, naturæ ratione depellere
oportere M. Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est,
semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et
nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non
reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non
laudem certè usus causa in luce: quòd præter consuetudinem
patriæ, præsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus
ciuilibus dico. Nam aliò non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo
enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed
communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse
quod prosit, certè hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim
magis quàm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt.
Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare?
Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem,
inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literariæ
perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi
Græci commendant: nec alius quisquam præter imperitum rerum
iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem
in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non
probaturo, imponens imperitæ turbæ (5) adolescentum, cui vix
literæ sunt, & multò minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum
forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verò
si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas
omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius quàm
castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius
literæ mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem
potius contemnis, quàm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus
grauissimas indicere pœnas æquum est, non propter
magnitudinem rei quæ leuis est, sed propter violatum
in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter
contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium
in ea ausum. Nequè hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus,
quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in
alijs difficilia quæ pulchra. Licèt enim optima quæque &
inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quæ
non facilè inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima
reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet)
pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse
fatebor certè, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius
author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, à multis sæculis in
usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter
censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id
quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem.
Sallustius præsentium rerum retinentissimus semper
consuetudini cessit. Ælius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuò
fugiebant, adeò ut nouissimus & nouissimè haud libenter usi
sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant.
Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem
inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius
& Fabritius (6) dilucidè cum suis fabulati sunt, neque
Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam
incoluisse leguntur) sed ætatis suæ verbis locuti sunt: tu
verò perindè quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis
iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quæ
loqueris, non hoc abundè consequeris tacens? quasi satius
esset non loqui quàm non intelligi. Demonax quoque
philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim à quopiam quæsiuisset
aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atquè priscis
responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu
perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam
(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater
Theologis Lutetiæ instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera
reiecit, quòd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis
reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quòd
tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques
oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est
apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias
atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos
atquè Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt,
Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam
& peguniam, coilum chœlum & cœlum, cernos & chernos,
discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodiè
utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis
vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hæc Lacedæmonij
quòd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum
præstantissimum Citharædum mulctasse dicuntur, quòd unam
solam chordam præter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum
Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma
pepulerunt, quòd nouum genus disciplinæ instituerunt. Noua
enim Romanis, viris certè in omni re sapientibus quæ præter
consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque
placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M. Cicero
in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam,
Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil
enim periculosius in usu vitæ esse rebantur, quàm veteribus
relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa
in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus
commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est.
[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium
senect. cæcum laudat, quòd vigebat in eius domo patrius
mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis,
opsonijs verò recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter &
Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerè innouandum nisi euidens
ratio postulauerit, præcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut
scholæ iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut
relinquant suum _octabis_: nec scholæ quædam Academicæ ut
deficiant à suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi
sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologiæ Doctoratus gradu
insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo præparatis cum in
determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus
conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus
disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per
densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam
vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum
Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis
Academiæ. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis
non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri
sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilè: ut
nonnullæ solent Academiæ in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna
paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter
admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut
grauitate. Certè mihi videntur illi planè cuculi atque oues,
qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt,
abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare
velint, atque ex obscuris ænigmatibus & antiquis cum
difficultate discere studeant, quæ viua vox, certus
præsensque usus cum facilitate clarè possunt docere.
Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedæmonij in
legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui præter consuetudinem
patriæ aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium.
Etenim Synesius eos qui præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid
innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti
absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans
cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quòd & usu
confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et
res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedæmonij verò usque adeò
formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum
recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata
sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda
è collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate
consilium parum placeret, audaciæ suæ pœnas daret. Etenim
euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus
scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi
imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitiæ
blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac ætate
facis, mouere quæ stabilita sunt, cum præsertim omnium rerum
mutationes cædem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius
ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in
ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam
intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequè antiquata in usum
esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra
publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis
antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quàm
hodiè nos proferimus) usum scientiamque præstare nos debere
eius, qua præsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui
scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo
concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci
sapienter præcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter
censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quæ bene
constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis
speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac benè
confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore sanè
agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro
_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec
_maxumè_ pro _maximè_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_,
nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veitæ_, _ubei_, _quei_,
_heic_, _fœminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_,
_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, quæ iam obsoleuerunt,
& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_,
_idus_, _pulchræ_, _vitæ_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _fœminæ_,
_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pictæ_,
_aulæ_, _nepæ_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis
necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter
meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequè
enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hæc ferre possent,
nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam
orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in
immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat
historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet
aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt
homines. Utuntur tamen hodiè haud dissimili pronunciandi
genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus
(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis
(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquè Scotis (10)
vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_
dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum
sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, &
petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur
hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis
Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi,
quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus
Anglis valdè indecorum alio uti quàm suo. Licet tamen hic
contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quæ vitia pro virtutibus
amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias
crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa,
qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad
quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria
cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata
virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut
Plauti verbo utar) atquè ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali
tempore. Sed hæc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam
paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt,
quàm noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim
Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non πραϊτωρ dixit
diuisa diphthongo, sed πραιτωρ & prætores, unita. Cuius rei
non alium magistrum, quàm eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad
nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus
& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin
diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant,
contra quàm vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulantiæ
error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut
in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri &
recepto more pronunciare, maximè quod multi errores
reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis
resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines
nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare
ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verò Græcorum pueri,
& qui hodiè utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Græcam
discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent,
aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodè. Scilicet. Equidem
puerile magis existimo quàm virile, puerileque esse
argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem)
non tamen vetustior est, quæ res in controuersia est,
minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum
causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim
experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum
commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum
summouere: discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis
commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequè enim
Græcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini
esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo,
ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Græci adhuc
utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum è Cathedra Græcas
literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando.
Audiebam enim data opera sæpius. At si ego tacerem norit
Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Græcia pronunciarit, ex
Matthæo Calphurnio Græco, quem ex Græcia Oxonium Græcarum
literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsæus, de bonis literis
optimè meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit
ille, quàm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos
Britanni docebimus ipsos Græcos in ipsa Græcia oriundos sua
verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus
in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens atquè
natio, cui lingua Græca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est,
& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset
tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallicè velit discere, ex Anglo
petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italicè, ex Germano,
sed ex sua quæque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris
instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset,
ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum.
Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum
doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum
pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum
in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, &
cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus
et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum
modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus
scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut
insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis
incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura
grauiori, quæ rectius in principio potuissent collocari in
meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimè. Nam
priuata hæc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in
Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minimè recepta
gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutuò
intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista
paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina
constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines
cuiusque regionis cum laude linguæ, & ingenij gloria
verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum
publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo
vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectè
loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur,
sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut
discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi
verò usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate,
numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit,
nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi
simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticè,
Φοϊβος, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_,
_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_,
_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_,
_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phœbus_,
_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _musæs_, _vasileus_,
_epirus_, _typtomæ_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_,
_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_,
_yppewin_, _yios_, _pæs_, unde pædotriba, non paidotriba:
aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter
parere pro parturire, & parêre pro obedire in isto versu.
Fœmina vult parere, sed non parêre lubenter, nisi crassa
pronunciatio: eadem penè nota qua λοιμός & λιμός in
pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter λοιμος &
λιμος in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen
videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Græcorum more,
alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Certè antiqui
_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non
_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum
recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc
referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Græci eo quo recentes
isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod
acerrimè isti defendunt, cum dicunt Græcos) etiam tum Græci
erant Barbari, cum ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur
Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit
Strabo) qui crassè, difficulter, asperè atque duriter
loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes præter
Græcos: à quibus postea (corrupta Græcia) barbara ea
appellatio ad omnes præter (14) Latinos translata est, quòd
mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis
tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectè verba proferebat,
barbarè loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem
Hebræum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino
perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad
punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat?
An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit
primùm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere,
ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis
traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus
an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius
pronunciare, & aliter quàm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas
literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim
docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio,
seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere
prout optimum cuique videbitur, modò non deficiant à
consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent,
noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literariæ
inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet
docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non
_ypsilon_, vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit, modò doceat admonendi
non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi)
scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur)
quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut
liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet
ut muta, sed aspiret tantùm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis
sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges
_ydropisis_, _termæ_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro
_hydropisis_, _thermæ_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in
libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum
Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus
bone, quàm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi
quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis
rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hîc ineptirent solùm duce
iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verò cum audiam senes delirare
hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium,
ratio, & experientia doceret. Præterea in senecta ætate
ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento
agitari, nihilquè constantis hominis habere indecorum est.
Cicero in Bruto notat ætatem quæ ante se fuit, in qua
Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut
ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectè loquebantur. Sua autem
ætate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et
quamuis (inquit) L. Sisenna facilè omnes vincat superiores,
indicat tamen quantùm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando
veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis
remotis. Rectè enim loqui putabant esse, inusitatè loqui.
Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet.
Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quærimus
summitatem, nec est sanè tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator
essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit)
desitáque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non
propter has quas ante retuli causas, at certè propter hæc
quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissimè
sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim
in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda
utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta
turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea
explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione præterire,
quàm dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina,
sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum
Grammaticorum maximè culpa hæc pronunciatio Latina
introducta est, cùm nescio qua æmulatione alter alterum
nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam
amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atquè item
Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum
in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo
pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum
est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planè discentium
commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantùm inseruitum est
istorum libidini quorum præceptum id erat, pronunciationis
vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est,
alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo
verba proferente atquè scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque
noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquè
adeò desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem
eius. Neque enim cæcum ducem, nequè amentem consultorem.
Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua
scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendáque quæ didicit omnia,
& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus
usi sumus omnibus: usquè adeò mobilia sunt hodiè hominum
ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum
constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in
scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo:
hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille
alteram: & eas ineptas sanè et insulsas, etiam simplicibus
mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut
impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nouæ author, qui non sit
habiturus suæ stultitiæ fautores et sectatores, vel homines
adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui
sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fortè (17) ingenij
sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando
Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam
Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion
Chrysostomus, & nostri sæculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo
de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terræ
& statione cœli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre &
Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent
tractare materias ἀδόξους, & exercendi gratia argumentum
infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione
noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum præfatione sensus
sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque
professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, æquior
essem, amplectererque certè lubens. Alioqui videant illi,
quàm nihil aliud quàm suam traducant infantiam, nec esse
consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas
nænias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quæ gloria erit? Mallem
unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut
quibus nec dum per ætatem confirmatus animus est, nec
maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimè de
se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longè se
ostendant alios, ut in lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academiæ
plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus
imperitus. Certè istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud
quàm sterilis labor, sterilísque difficultas sequitur in
promendo cum multorum risu: quòd ea rustica sit et simplex,
parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptè
acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique quòd doctas
aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planè & odiosa omnibus,
præterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone
politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi.
Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphoniæ fuit, quàm disciplina
(18) regulæ. Hinc Græci angelos phormingos, & papæ proferre,
præcepto usuque imperarunt, cum ἄγγελος, φόρμιγγος, & Βαβαὶ
rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_ cum
_dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_
sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, &
euitetur soni vitium, quod Græci κακοφωνίαν dicunt. Quin &
Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus
adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum
sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque
atquè Galli Romanorum æmuli, ne magnum dicant, main
proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main
see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_,
sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem
suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Græcis & Latinis
dictionibus efferunt: et pro βικίου (id est ἀφακῆς) vitia,
et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro βίκτορα victorem: & pro Abellana
Auellana, non è contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Græcorum
codicibus manuscriptis rarò videbis b. literam, sed eius
loco characterem v. latinæ literæ similem. Latini quoque
vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est
Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro
_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Laboriæ, (quo verbo
Plinius utitur) quæ pars est Italiæ. Hos si damnes, utere
licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet,
_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fæcibus
vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et
manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et
clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius,
Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et
inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanæ mentis faciet. Sin probes,
à nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo
desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit,
pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam,
quæ in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi
quodam in usu atquè in hominum more et sermone versatur.
Nam ut in cæteris artibus id maximè excellit quod longissimè
sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuquè seiunctum, ita in
dicendo vitium est vel maximum à vulgari genere orationis,
atquè à consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude
Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut
inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium
esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere quæ populo grata
sunt. Atquè ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis
sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et
scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum,
non quoduis à consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur
consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in
literis quæ in vestibus, quæ omnibus horis aliæ penè fiunt
et diuersæ, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus
hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari
non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse
contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita
proferendas esse præcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem
reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus
Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai
Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita
censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, quàm
veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes
vaniores, quàm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquè
pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum
qui ex errore imperitæ iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris
non esse habendum. Eius verba hæc sunt. Quarta columna, (20)
&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet
debeant enunciari, de qua re variæ sunt hodiè & multiplices
Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosè nimis ad
antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum
tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hæc
pronunciarunt, & coniecturæ sunt admodum ieiunæ. Illis
itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem
ab inferis excitarint. Hæc ille. Et paucis interpositis,
ista subiungit. Qui verò illis (professoribus) destituuntur,
& proprio marte linguam Græcam discere coguntur, pronuncient
elementa Græca more Latinorum Græcis in hac tabula
respondentium. Quæ certè pronunciandi ratio vetus est, &
recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem
(quod ipse noui) erant isti præceptores noui. Verùm loco
stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt.
In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus,
& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, μορύξαι
transfert Moryxæ, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa
disputauerat, quæ gloriæ studio potius, quam usus gratia
se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter
obseruanti. Paræmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et
Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curæ
Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnæ
ac Syracusæ, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum
esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam
annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti
Græci & Latini consueta religiosissimè obseruarunt. Galenus
enim homo Græcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinæ vir, ut si
quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis sui
de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi
lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, τῇ κρατούσῃ (21)
συνηθείᾳ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis
recentiores dicebant, ἔμπλαστρον, κέντριον, καὶ μηλώτριδα
cum ῥ. in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem
sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam &
usitatam, quàm ἔμπλαστον, κέντιον, & μηλωτιδα dicere sine ῥ.
litera, etsi ab ἐμπλάττειν, κέντειν, μηλής τε καὶ ὠτὸς
oriantur, in quibus ῥ. litera non est. Tanti erat apud illum
consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos
scripsit qui reprehendant solæcismum facientes in sermone,
ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam quæ in loquendo
præualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum
fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs
modis corruptam atque à proprietate sua viciatam, secutos
tamen esse eam quæ suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes,
qui apud Græcos ullum præcellentis doctrinæ nomen consecuti
sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris
medicinalibus, ἔμπλαστρον cum ῥ. scriptum inuenimus, & nos
quoque quòd inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo
utendum censuimus. Hæc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus
quoquè consuetum est ῥ. pro σ. proferre, ut σκληρότηρ pro
σκληρότης, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium ῥω). Atheniensibus
contra, ut θαρσείν pro θαῤῥεῖν, utrobique si euertas usum,
notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Græci solùm (ut dixi) sed
Latini quoquè hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis
ætate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex
epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex
Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani
temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita
r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum
morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de
iure scripserunt præcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus
atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi
consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione.
Prætereo quemadmodum hodiè quantitates syllabarum, longas in
breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere
secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso
in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam
fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus,
mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hæc tria nil rectè faciunt
si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hæc audacia,
ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui
et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali
scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia
per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius,
nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec
bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio
(quod tam inane iudico quàm est ipsa res inanis) sed quid
conueniat tantùm consulo, quidque exteræ nationes in
constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione
Græcæ et Latinæ linguæ sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim
quæsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis
nostræ per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris
proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hæc
inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla causæ magnitudo, nulla
necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque gloriæ eò nos
adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atquè grauibus,
nec recepta Græcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in
usum, si modò in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter
Grammaticos. Adhæc cum pronunciatio hæc noua sit planè
rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut
affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus certè patet, nec
tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum
admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed
aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria
sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio
præter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta
rep. ferendum non fuit, malum præterea exemplum æditur ad
alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo
pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vitæ atquè
sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis
spiritus et anhelitus quæ res est nihili. In istis
spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriò spiritum suum
consumere, tam est res exilis atquè vana. Optandum igitur
ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali
paucis tantùm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio,
persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus
nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam
sit leuis et ridicula, nequè ut tantos motus excitemus ulla
fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis
studeat nouæ rei nouus author haberi.

* * * * *
* * * *

Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber:

_pulchræ_, _vitæ_ [comma missing]
plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens
[_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark:
added by 1912 editor?_]
vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit [_printed as shown, with initial iota_]

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